Hell – detail from a fresco in the medieval church of St Nicholas in Raduil, In and, Hell is an location, sometimes a place of. With a history often depict hells as eternal destinations while religions with a often depict a hell as an intermediary period between.
If you love theatre, join us and get the best seats in the house, plus great benefits all year round. Home; Join and give; Become a member. Entertain your clients, reward staff and have access to world-class art and culture. Leave a legacy. Your legacy will help support the arts for future generations to come. ' 55 Bondarev Maxim Germanovich. REALIZATION OF MULTIMEDIA AND HYPERMEDIA IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING. Reward Intern@tive, EuroPlus Reward Millenium, Side by Side Interac-tive, Longman English Interactive.
Typically these traditions locate hell in another dimension or under the 's surface and often include entrances to Hell from the land of the living. Other afterlife destinations include,. Other traditions, which do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, merely describe Hell as an abode of the dead, the, a neutral place located under the surface of Earth (for example, see and ). Ancient Sumerian impression showing the god being tortured in the by demons The afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where inhabitants were believed to continue 'a shadowy version of life on earth'. This bleak domain was known as,: 114 and was believed to be ruled by the goddess.: 184 All souls went to the same afterlife, and a person's actions during life had no effect on how the person would be treated in the world to come. The souls in Kur were believed to eat nothing but dry: 58 and family members of the deceased would ritually pour into the dead person's grave through a clay pipe, thereby allowing the dead to drink.: 58 Nonetheless, funerary evidence indicates that some people believed that the goddess, Ereshkigal's younger sister, had the power to award her devotees with special favors in the afterlife.
During the, it was believed that a person's treatment in the afterlife depended on how he or she was buried;: 58 those that had been given sumptuous burials would be treated well,: 58 but those who had been given poor burials would fare poorly.: 58 The entrance to Kur was believed to be located in the in the far east.: 114 It had seven gates, through which a soul needed to pass. The god was the gatekeeper.: 184: 86 Ereshkigal's sukkal, or messenger, was the god.: 134: 184 were a class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld;: 85 their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur.: 85 They are frequently referenced in magical texts,: 85-86 and some texts describe them as being seven in number.: 85-86 Several extant poems describe the galla dragging the god into the underworld.: 86 The later Mesopotamians knew this underworld by its name:. During the, Ereshkigal's role as the ruler of the underworld was assigned to, the god of death.: 184 The Akkadians attempted to harmonize this dual rulership of the underworld by making Nergal Ereshkigal's husband.
Ancient Egypt. In this 1275 BC scene the dead scribe 's heart is weighed on the scale of against the, by the canine-headed. The -headed, of the, records the result. If his heart is lighter than the feather, is allowed to pass into the. If not, he is eaten by the crocodile-headed. With the rise of the cult of during the the 'democratization of religion' offered to even his humblest followers the prospect of eternal life, with moral fitness becoming the dominant factor in determining a person's suitability. At death a person faced judgment by a tribunal of forty-two divine judges.
If they had led a life in conformance with the precepts of the Goddess, who represented truth and right living, the person was welcomed into the heavenly. If found guilty the person was thrown to, the 'devourer of the dead' and would be condemned to the. The person taken by the devourer is subject first to terrifying punishment and then annihilated.
These depictions of punishment may have influenced medieval perceptions of the inferno in hell via early and texts. Purification for those considered justified appears in the descriptions of 'Flame Island', where humans experience the triumph over evil and rebirth. For the damned complete destruction into a state of non-being awaits but there is no suggestion of eternal torture; the weighing of the heart in can lead to annihilation.
The Tale of Khaemwese describes the, who lacked charity, when he dies and compares it to the blessed state of a poor man who has also died. Divine pardon at judgement always remained a central concern for the Ancient Egyptians. Modern understanding of Egyptian notions of hell relies on six ancient texts:. The Book of Two Ways ( Book of the Ways of Rosetau). The Book of Amduat ( Book of the Hidden Room, Book of That Which Is in the Underworld). The Book of Gates.
The Book of the Dead ( Book of Going Forth by Day). The Book of the Earth. The Book of Caverns Greek.
Main article: In classic, below Heaven, Earth, and is, or Tartaros (Greek Τάρταρος, deep place). It is either a deep, gloomy place, a pit or abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering that resides within Hades (the entire underworld) with Tartarus being the hellish component. In the Gorgias, (c. 400 BC) wrote that souls were judged after death and those who received punishment were sent to Tartarus. As a place of punishment, it can be considered a hell. The classic Hades, on the other hand, is more similar to Old Testament Sheol. Europe The hells of Europe include Breton mythology's 'Anaon', 's 'Uffern', 's 'Peklo', the hell of and Finnish ' ('manala').
Asia The hells of Asia include the 'Gimokodan' and Ancient 's 'Kalichi' or '. In folklore among the, hell is below ground, and is described as an uninviting wet place reserved for sinful people. Africa African hells include 's Hetgwauge and the Hell of Swahili mythology ( kuzimu). Rejects the general notion of and hell. In Serer religion, acceptance by the ancestors who have long departed is as close to any heaven as one can get. Rejection and becoming a wandering soul is a sort of hell for one.
The souls of the dead must make their way to Jaaniw (the sacred dwelling place of the soul). Only those who have lived their lives on earth in accordance with will be able to make this necessary journey and thus accepted by the ancestors. Those who can't make the journey become lost and wandering souls, but they do not burn in 'hell fire'. Native American. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged.
( October 2017) The hells of the Americas include the 's, 's, and the religion's. In, (or Metnal) is the dangerous underworld of nine levels. The road into and out of it is said to be steep, thorny and very forbidding. Ritual healers would intone healing prayers banishing diseases to Xibalba.
Much of the describes the adventures of the in their cunning struggle with the evil lords of Xibalba. The believed that the dead traveled to Mictlan, a neutral place found far to the north. There was also a legend of a place of white flowers, which was always dark, and was home to the gods of death, particularly Mictlantecutli and his spouse Mictlantecihuatl, which means literally 'lords of Mictlan'. The journey to Mictlan took four years, and the travelers had to overcome difficult tests, such as passing a mountain range where the mountains crashed into each other, a field where the wind carried flesh-scraping knives, and a river of blood with fearsome. Abrahamic religions Hell is viewed by most Abrahamic traditions as a place of or a form of. See also: and Early Judaism had no concept of Hell, although the concept of an afterlife was introduced during the, apparently from neighboring.
It occurs for example in the. Daniel 12:2 proclaims 'And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, Some to everlasting life, Some to shame and everlasting contempt.' Does not have a specific doctrine about the afterlife, but it does have a mystical/Orthodox tradition of describing.
Gehinnom is not Hell, but originally a grave and in later times a sort of Purgatory where one is judged based on one's life's deeds, or rather, where one becomes fully aware of one's own shortcomings and negative actions during one's life. The explains it as a 'waiting room' (commonly translated as an 'entry way') for all souls (not just the wicked). The overwhelming majority of rabbinic thought maintains that people are not in Gehinnom forever; the longest that one can be there is said to be 12 months, however there has been the occasional noted exception. Some consider it a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to ( heb.
עולם הבא; lit. 'The world to come', often viewed as analogous to heaven). This is also mentioned in the Kabbalah, where the soul is described as breaking, like the flame of a candle lighting another: the part of the soul that ascends being pure and the 'unfinished' piece being reborn.
According to Jewish teachings, hell is not entirely physical; rather, it can be compared to a very intense feeling of shame. People are ashamed of their misdeeds and this constitutes suffering which makes up for the bad deeds. When one has so deviated from the will of, one is said to be in Gehinnom. This is not meant to refer to some point in the future, but to the very present moment.
The gates of (return) are said to be always open, and so one can align his will with that of God at any moment. Being out of alignment with God's will is itself a punishment according to the. Many scholars of Jewish mysticism, particularly of the, make mention of seven 'compartments' or 'habitations' of Hell, just as there are seven divisions of. Naraka in the Burmese representation In 'Devaduta Sutta', the 130th discourse of the, Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail. Buddhism teaches that there are five (sometimes six) realms of rebirth, which can then be further subdivided into degrees of agony or pleasure. Of these realms, the hell realms, or Naraka, is the lowest realm of rebirth. Of the hell realms, the worst is or 'endless suffering'.
The Buddha's disciple, who tried to kill the Buddha on three occasions, as well as create a schism in the monastic order, is said to have been reborn in the Avici Hell. However, like all realms of rebirth, rebirth in the Hell realms is not permanent, though suffering can persist for eons before being reborn again. In the, the Buddha teaches that eventually even Devadatta will become a Pratyekabuddha himself, emphasizing the temporary nature of the Hell realms. Thus, Buddhism teaches to escape the endless migration of rebirths (both positive and negative) through the attainment of. The, according to the Ksitigarbha Sutra, made a great vow as a young girl to not reach Nirvana until all beings were liberated from the Hell Realms or other unwholesome rebirths. In popular literature, Ksitigarbha travels to the Hell realms to teach and relieve beings of their suffering. Yama's Court and Hell.
The Blue figure is (The Hindu god of death) with his consort and 17th-century painting from Government Museum,. Early Vedic religion does not have a concept of Hell. Ṛg-veda mentions three realms, bhūr (the ), svar (the ) and or antarikṣa (the middle area, i.e. In later Hindu literature, especially the law books and Puranas, more realms are mentioned, including a realm similar to Hell, called (in Devanāgarī: नरक). As the first born human (together with his twin sister ), by virtue of precedence, becomes ruler of men and a judge on their departure. Originally he resides in Heaven, but later, especially medieval, traditions mention his court in naraka. In the law-books (smṛtis and dharma-sūtras, like the Manu-smṛti), naraka is a place of punishment for sins.
It is a lower spiritual plane (called naraka-loka) where the spirit is judged and the partial fruits of affect the next life. In there is a mention of the and the both going to Heaven. At first Yudhisthir goes to heaven where he sees Duryodhana enjoying heaven; Indra tells him that Duryodhana is in heaven as he did his Kshatriya duties. Then he shows Yudhisthir hell where it appears his brothers are. Later it is revealed that this was a test for Yudhisthir and that his brothers and the Kauravas are all in heaven and live happily in the divine abode of gods. Hells are also described in various and other scriptures.
The Garuda Purana gives a detailed account of Hell and its features; it lists the amount of punishment for most crimes, much like a modern-day penal code. It is believed that people who commit sins go to Hell and have to go through punishments in accordance with the sins they committed.
The god, who is also the god of death, presides over Hell. Detailed accounts of all the sins committed by an individual are kept by, who is the record keeper in Yama's court. Chitragupta reads out the sins committed and Yama orders appropriate punishments to be given to individuals. These punishments include dipping in boiling oil, burning in fire, torture using various weapons, etc. In various Hells.
Individuals who finish their quota of the punishments are reborn in accordance with their balance of. All created beings are imperfect and thus have at least one sin to their record; but if one has generally led a pious life, one ascends to, a temporary realm of enjoyment similar to Paradise, after a brief period of expiation in Hell and before the next reincarnation, according to the law of karma. According to iron world (kalyug, a stage of world cycle) is regarded as hell. 17th-century cloth painting depicting seven levels of Hell and various tortures suffered in them. Left panel depicts the demi-god and his animal vehicle presiding over each Hell. In, Naraka (translated as Hell) is the name given to realm of existence having great suffering.
However, a Naraka differs from the hells of as souls are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment and punishment. Furthermore, length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long and measured in billions of years. A soul is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her previous (actions of body, speech and mind), and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result. After his karma is used up, he may be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened.
The Hells are situated in the seven grounds at the lower part of the universe. The seven grounds are:. Ratna prabha. Sharkara prabha.
Valuka prabha. Panka prabha. Dhuma prabha. Tamaha prabha. Mahatamaha prabha. The hellish beings are a type of souls which are residing in these various hells.
They are born in hells by sudden manifestation. The hellish beings possess vaikriya body (protean body which can transform itself and take various forms). They have a fixed life span (ranging from ten thousand to billions of years) in the respective hells where they reside. According to Jain scripture, following are the causes for birth in hell:. Killing or causing pain with intense passion.
Excessive attachment to things and worldly pleasure with constantly indulging in cruel and violent acts. Vowless and unrestrained life. Sikhism In Sikh thought, Hell and Heaven are not places for living hereafter, they are part of spiritual topography of man and do not exist otherwise. They refer to good and evil stages of life respectively and can be lived now and here during our earthly existence. For example, explains that people who are entangled in emotional attachment and doubt are living in hell on this Earth i.e. Their life is hellish.
A Chinese glazed earthenware sculpture of 'Hell's torturer', 16th century, Diyu is the realm of the dead in. It is very loosely based upon the concept of combined with traditional Chinese afterlife beliefs and a variety of popular expansions and re-interpretations of these two traditions. Ruled by, the King of Hell, Diyu is a maze of underground levels and chambers where souls are taken to atone for their earthly sins. Incorporating ideas from and as well as traditional Chinese folk religion, Diyu is a kind of purgatory place which serves not only to punish but also to renew spirits ready for their next incarnation. There are many deities associated with the place, whose names and purposes are the subject of much conflicting information. The exact number of levels in Chinese Hell - and their associated deities - differs according to the Buddhist or Taoist perception.
Some speak of three to four 'Courts', other as many as ten. The ten judges are also known as the 10 Kings of.
Each Court deals with a different aspect of atonement. For example, murder is punished in one Court, adultery in another. According to some Chinese legends, there are eighteen levels in Hell. Punishment also varies according to belief, but most legends speak of highly imaginative chambers where wrong-doers are sawn in half, beheaded, thrown into pits of filth or forced to climb trees adorned with sharp blades. However, most legends agree that once a soul (usually referred to as a 'ghost') has atoned for their deeds and repented, he or she is given the Drink of Forgetfulness by and sent back into the world to be reborn, possibly as an animal or a poor or sick person, for further punishment. Other traditions Zoroastrianism. Main article: has historically suggested several possible fates for the wicked, including annihilation, purgation in molten metal, and eternal punishment, all of which have standing in Zoroaster's writings.
Includes the belief that wicked souls will remain in hell until, following the arrival of three saviors at thousand-year intervals, reconciles the world, destroying evil and resurrecting tormented souls to perfection. The sacred mention a 'House of the Lie″ for those 'that are of an evil dominion, of evil deeds, evil words, evil Self, and evil thought, Liars.' However, the best-known Zoroastrian text to describe hell in detail is the. It depicts particular punishments for particular sins—for instance, being trampled by cattle as punishment for neglecting the needs of work animals.
Other descriptions can be found in the Book of Scriptures (Hadhokht Nask), Religious Judgments (Dadestan-i Denig) and the Book of the Judgments of the Spirit of Wisdom (Mainyo-I-Khard). Wicca In, there is no such thing as hell because Wiccans largely do not believe in the concept of punishment or reward. Although Wiccan views differ among different denominations, Wiccans tend to prefer viewing the and the as gentle deities. In popular culture. Main article: In his ( Divine Comedy), set in the year 1300), employed the concept of taking as his guide through Inferno (and then, in the second canticle, up the mountain of ). Virgil himself is not condemned to Hell proper in Dante's poem but is rather, as a virtuous pagan, confined to just at the edge of Hell. The geography of Hell is very elaborately laid out in this work, with nine concentric rings leading deeper into the Earth and deeper into the various punishments of Hell, until, at the center of the world, Dante finds himself trapped in the frozen lake of.
A small tunnel leads past Satan and out to the other side of the world, at the base of the Mount of Purgatory. 's (1667) opens with the, including their leader, waking up in Hell after having been defeated in the war in heaven and the action returns there at several points throughout the poem. Milton portrays Hell as the abode of the demons, and the passive prison from which they plot their revenge upon Heaven through the corruption of the human race. 19th-century French poet alluded to the concept as well in the title and themes of one of his major works,. Rimbaud's poetry portrays his own suffering in a poetic form as well as other themes.
Visit to hell by Mexican artist. Many of the great epics of European literature include episodes that occur in Hell. In the Roman poet 's Latin epic, the, Aeneas descends into (the underworld) to visit his father's spirit. The underworld is only vaguely described, with one unexplored path leading to the punishments of Tartarus, while the other leads through Erebus and the Elysian Fields.
The idea of Hell was highly influential to writers such as who authored the 1944 play about the idea that 'Hell is other people'. Although not a religious man, Sartre was fascinated by his interpretation of a Hellish state of suffering. 's (1945) borrows its title from 's (1793) and its inspiration from the as the narrator is likewise guided through Hell and Heaven. Hell is portrayed here as an endless, desolate twilight city upon which night is imperceptibly sinking.
The night is actually the, and it heralds the arrival of the demons after their judgment. Before the night comes, anyone can escape Hell if they leave behind their former selves and accept Heaven's offer, and a journey to Heaven reveals that Hell is infinitely small; it is nothing more or less than what happens to a soul that turns away from God and into itself. In his series portrays examples of Heaven and Hell via Death, Fate, Underworld, Nature, War, Time, Good-God, and Evil-Devil. Offers a version of Hell where there is still some good within; most evident in his book. Uses her five Gods 'Father, Mother, Son, Daughter and Bastard' in with an example of Hell as formless chaos. Is one of many who offer Chaos-Evil-(Hell) and Uniformity-Good-(Heaven) as equally unacceptable extremes which must be held in balance; in particular in the and series. Wrote a number of short stories about 's activities in Hell.
Created a series of about life in Hell called The Hatlo Inferno, which ran from 1953 to 1958. See also. References.
From £300 a year, Gold membership takes you backstage and into our private members' bar. Extended priority booking period on best seats. 20% discount at ffresh bar and restaurant.
2-4-1 on all hot drinks at our coffee shops, Caffi and Crema. 20% discount off drinks at our theatre bars. 20% discount off drinks in the Millennium Lounge, our private members bar. Invitations to special events. Acknowledgement across various digital platforms Existing members: if your membership is due for renewal then to renew it Platinum.